The Science Behind Chai
Chai is a complex beverage composed of black tea, various spices (such as cardamom, cinnamon, ginger, cloves, and peppercorns), milk, and often sugar. The macronutrient profile varies significantly based on preparation methods and added ingredients. A typical cup (240ml) of chai prepared with whole milk and one teaspoon of sugar contains approximately 60-80 calories, 2-3g of fat (primarily saturated), 10-12g of carbohydrates (mostly from sugar and lactose in milk), and 2-3g of protein. The GI index of chai depends heavily on the amount of sugar added. Unsweetened chai has a lower GI, while chai with added sugar can have a moderate GI (around 50-60).
The primary active compound of concern before bed is caffeine, present in the black tea. The caffeine content in chai varies based on the type and amount of tea used, but typically ranges from 40-70mg per cup. Clinical studies show that caffeine consumption within 6 hours of bedtime can significantly reduce total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and slow-wave sleep. Caffeine acts as an adenosine antagonist, blocking adenosine receptors in the brain and promoting wakefulness. Nutrition research indicates that caffeine has a half-life of approximately 5-6 hours in most adults, meaning that half of the caffeine consumed remains in the system after this time.
Beyond caffeine, chai spices offer potential health benefits. Ginger possesses anti-inflammatory properties and may aid digestion. Cinnamon can improve insulin sensitivity and regulate blood sugar levels. Cardamom contains antioxidants and may help lower blood pressure. However, these benefits are often overshadowed by the negative impact of caffeine and added sugar on sleep. Milk contributes calcium and protein, but also lactose, which some individuals may find difficult to digest, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. The tannins present in black tea can bind to iron, inhibiting its absorption, potentially exacerbating iron deficiency in susceptible individuals. The digestion speed of chai is relatively moderate, depending on the fat content of the milk used. Higher fat content slows down digestion, potentially leading to discomfort if consumed close to bedtime. The metabolic impact primarily revolves around the caffeine and sugar content, leading to potential fluctuations in blood sugar and energy levels.
